Thermal energy works by harnessing the kinetic energy of particles within a substance. As the temperature of a substance increases, the average motion of its particles intensifies, constituting thermal energy.
This energy can be transferred through conduction, convection, or radiation, moving from regions of higher temperature to lower temperature.
The system tends to reach thermal equilibrium over time, where the thermal energy is evenly distributed. Understanding thermal energy is essential for comprehending heat transfer, temperature changes, and the behavior of materials in response to varying thermal conditions.
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Definition | Form of kinetic energy associated with particle motion in a substance. |
| Formula | Q=mcΔT (where Q is heat energy, m is mass, c is specific heat, and ΔT is temperature change). |
| Units | Joules (J) or calories (cal) |
| Working Principle | Harnesses kinetic energy of particles; transfers through conduction, convection, and radiation. |
| Examples | Heating a cup of water; sun warming the Earth’s surface; cooking food on a stove. |
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